The Business Divorce Law Report

May 23, 2023

The Equitable Value of an Oppressed Minority Shareholder’s Interest

A New Jersey Court conducing the valuation of a business may use any technique or method generally acceptable in the financial community.
The application of a minority discount is a question of law, but likely will be based on the factual determinations of the court about the culpability of the litigants.
Business divorces cases are commonly heard in the Chancery Division, a court of equity in which principles of fairness and justice may be applied in addition to any statutory cause of action.
New Jersey’s statutory cause of action for oppression of a minority shareholder does not prevent the court from providing equitable remedies available outside the statute as a matter of common law.

New Jersey Business Valuation ATORNEY In Sipko v. Kroger, the New Jersey Supreme Court declined to apply a minority discount in valuing the interest of a minority shareholder.

There was no real surprise there. New Jersey courts are reluctant to apply a minority discount in the valuation of closely held businesses, which reduces the value of the minority interest. Those discounts, which can signicantly lower the value of an interest — often by a third, or more — tend to reward wrongdoers. Continue reading

May 18, 2023

Absence of Competitive Advantage – The First Line of Defense to Trade Secret Lawsuits

by Jay R. McDaniel, Esq.

The touchstone of a trade secret is that it provides the owner of the information with a competitive advantage in their market.
Courts look at the cost of development, the difficulty in duplicating and measurable benefits to ascertain whether a bona fide trade secret exists.
The first step in the defense of a trade secret is to examine whether there is real economic value to keeping the information secret.

Trade secret laws, much like other types of intellectual property law, always have the potential to limit competition and restrict employee mobility. The result is that trade secret law can be used as a means to try to carve out a market space. Those cases, however, may involve benign information that is difficult to classify as a trade secret.

The first issue in the defense of any claim for misappropriation of a trade secret is to figure out if there is really a trade secret at issue, whether the claim is brought under the federal Defend Trade Secrets Act (DTSA), a state Uniform Trade Secrets Act (UTSA) (from which the DTSA was derived) or state common law.

The UTSA has now been enacted every state except New York and Virginia, as well as the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, and the U.S. Virgin Islands. Continue reading

May 16, 2023

Reasonable Expectations Define Oppression of Minority LLC Member

by Jay R. McDaniel, Esq.

Limited Liability Company laws in New Jersey and many states provide a cause of action for the oppression of minority members of company against those in control of the business.
Oppression of a minority LLC member is measured by the reasonable expectations of the minority member in those states that have adopted the Uniform Limited Liability Company Act
Courts assess reasonable expectations by looking at the operating agreement, the behavior of the members and purpose of the members in joining the business.

Majority rule in any limited liability company is not without its risks, in particular the potential for the majority owners to oppress the minority members, together with the difficulty the minority member is likely to have in recouping the investment in the business.

Minority members of a limited liability company may always voluntarily dissociate, or resign, as a member, at which point they give up the right to participate in management. As a “dissociated member,” the minority member who has resigned is entitled to his or her share of profits, but not to participate in decisions or get full information about the operations of the business. Continue reading

February 15, 2023

Minority Shareholder Oppression Under New Jersey Law

by Jay R. McDaniel, Esq.

Minority shareholders of a closely held corporation may be subjected to oppressive conduct by the controlling majority that deprives them of the benefits of their investment.
Oppressed minority shareholder actions vindicate the rights of the minority owner to participate in the management and share in the economic benefits of the company.
A court may order the majority to buy the minority member’s interest at fair value, to sell the corporation as a going concern, for damages or take other actions to fashion an appropriate remedy.

anger-2728273_1920-1024x683 Under New Jersey business law, minority oppression refers to conduct in which the majority shareholders or directors of a corporation engage in behavior that prejudices the rights or interests of the minority shareholders unfairly.

We see shared holder oppression in a variety of action: Continue reading

February 7, 2023

Hostility Among Owners Blocks LLC Derivative Lawsuit

by Jay R. McDaniel, Esq.

A plaintiff seeking to bring a derivative claim on behalf of a corporation, limited liability company or limited partnership must be “suitable” and represent the interests of the business.
A member of a limited liability company may sue individually to recover or protect the member’s individual right. New Jersey law does not, however, permit a member to bring a claim for involuntary dissociation, or expulsion, as a direct claim.
Courts have discretion to treat derivative claims as direct claims under New Jersey law, but may bar a derivate claim brought by a limited liability company that is antagonistic to the other owners.

Derivative claims in limited liability company lawsuit

Family in South Jersey Sand and Gravel Business Torn by Claims of Wrongdoing in Derivative Action

Hostility among the owners of a limited liability company is a staple in business divorce litigation, as are the derivative claims commonly asserted by the minority against the majority. But one New Jersey court has dismissed minority derivative claims because that hostility, the court said, made the member an unsuitable derivative plaintiff.

Is this case, Cave v. Cave, from the Superior Court in Burlington County, an outlier? Or does it merely reflect a more thorough analysis of the requirements for a derivative action. If this decision were to be widely followed, it could change the landscape of litigation among the owners of closely held businesses. Continue reading

January 30, 2023

Prior Disclosure Kills Trade Secrets Claim

by Jay R. McDaniel, Esq.

To enforce a claim for misappropriation of a trade secret, the plaintiff must prove that the information was secret and valuable. Plaintiffs in New Jersey can rely on either the common law or the New Jersey Trade Secrets Act.
Secrets that have been publicly disclosed lose their their protection as trade secrets. Thus, the failure to secure a non-disclosure agreement with vendors or potential vendors could make it impossible to protect sensitive information in the future.
Once a trade secret has been publicly disclosed, even restrictive covenants and non-disclosure agreements executed by employees may lose their effectiveness as a means of protecting sensitive information.

One of the first obstacles that a company will encounter when trying to enforce its rights to protect confidential or proprietary information is whether the information is a trade secret. This is a threshold issue that is determined by the conduct of the party claiming the secret, sometimes as much by the sensitivity of the information.

If the information is in the public domain, or if the owner the information has not taken steps to protect the information from disclosure, under New Jersey law there is no trade secret to protect. That was the result in this case from New Jersey’s Superior Court.

Court Dismisses Trade Secret Misappropriation Claim

In a lawsuit brought against a New Jersey beauty supplier, a trial judge of the Superior Court dismissed claims asserting that a competitor had misappropriated its trade secrets and that its former employees were in breach of the confidentiality and non-solicitation provisions of restrictive covenants that they had executed.

The case, Ebin New York, Inc. v. Beauty Plus Trading Co., Inc., involved the formula for an adhesive hair spray that the plaintiff claimed was a trade secret. The plaintiff sued its manufacturer and Beauty Plus, along with individual defendants that the plaintiff alleged were bound by the agreements they had made as employees.

January 24, 2023

FTC Ban on Non-Competes Would Have Major Impact on Closely Held Businesses

by Jay R. McDaniel, Esq.

The Federal Trade Commission is considering an administrative rule that would enact a broad ban on non-compete agreements that would prohibit contracts that restrict the employee from working for a competitor or starting a competing business.
The rule would also apply to ‘de facto’ non-competes, such as non-solicitation agreements, that have the effect of limiting a worker’s activities after employment.
The proposed rule will likely have a negative impact on the competitiveness and value of closely held businesses. Non-competes in equity transactions would be prohibited unless the equity stake involved is at least 25 percent.

A proposed rule pending before the Federal Trade Commission would bar noncompete agreements across-the-board, and in a way that could bring some very profound changes to the business climate in this country. If it is adopted in its present form, it likely will have a direct effect on the value of the investments of business owners in their own businesses and make the smaller, privately held business less competitive.

This proposed rule is a big shift in resources from business owners to the employees. It is something to watch and understand because of the effect it is likely to have if the proposed rule is adopted in its present form. It’s controversial and has already run into opposition from the U.S. Chamber of Commerce.

November 4, 2022

Attorney Agreement Barring Solicitation of Clients Enforceable

by Jay R. McDaniel, Esq.

An agreement that barred a lawyer from soliciting clients within a geographic area was unenforceable after the lawyer left the firm under the rules governing the professional conduct of attorneys.
An agreement prohibiting a former associate attorney from soliciting clients of the firm after his resignation may be enforceable in New York, thus a case alleging a breach of that agreement could proceed to trial.
Attorney Rule of Professional Conduct 5.1 that prohibits restrictions on the practice of law is unlikely to shield non-attorneys who act on behalf of a lawyer from liability.

Can a lawyer be prohibited from soliciting the clients of his former firm? The general rule is that restrictions on the practice of law, including any non-competition agreements, are void and unenforceable.

It came as a surprise to me, therefore, that the appellate division in the first department in New York had affirmed the trial court’s decision that let a case go to trial alleging the breach of a non-solicitation agreement signed by a former lawyer.

The case is Feiner & Lavy v. Zohar. Here are the three most important holdings in the decision. First, an agreement prohibiting a former associate of a law firm from competing with his former employer within 90 miles of New York City was void and unenforceable. Continue reading

October 26, 2022

Shotgun Buy-Sell Agreements – Solution to Deadlock

by Jay R. McDaniel, Esq.

Well-drafted business governance documents include buy-sell agreements to address deadlock among the owners.
A shotgun buy-sell is an offer that sets only the price. It can be accepted as either an offer to buy out the other side or to sell to the other side at the price in the offer.
Shotgun buy-sells are an efficient means to set the price of a transaction, but may be flawed when the owners have unequal knowledge of the business or inadequate financial resources.

What happens when the owners of a business can’t come to an agreement on an issue that is critical to the business? This happens when neither side has a majority. For example, when there are two 50-50 owners or when unanimous agreement is required and there are holdouts. Our discussion today concerns how the owners of a small business may use contractual arrangements to address this problem.

These contracts are known generally as buy-sell agreements, and that is that they require one party to sell and the other to buy. Now, buy-sell agreements can also include shotgun sales, which is a buy-sell agreement that’s triggered by a deadlock. And we’re going to focus today on the shotgun sale. That refers to the type of agreement that allows one party to set the price and then allows the other the party to decide whether, based on that price, they’re going to buy or sell.

Continue reading

October 4, 2022

When Can a LLC Member Be Expelled?

by Jay R. McDaniel, Esq.

How to Expel a Member from a Limited Liability Company

The removal of a member from a limited liability company, known as involuntary dissociation, is permitted by statute in most states and may also be permitted in an operating agreement.
Removal is permitted when a member has engaged in wrongful conduct that has or will materially affect the company or when the member has repeatedly breached the operating agreement.
Removal may also be permitted when a member files for bankruptcy or if it is not reasonably practicable for the LLC to continue with them as a member.

There are plenty of choices that we make in our lives that we would like to undo. Some we can and some we can’t. Breaking up with a business partner is the topic of this discussion. More particularly, how a member of a limited liability company can be expelled from the business. We’ll cover the circumstances in which members can be expelled, when it’s easy and when it’s not.

A New Jersey Court conducing the valuation of a business may use any technique or method generally acceptable in the financial community.

The application of a minority discount is a question of law, but likely will be based on the factual determinations of the court about the culpability of the litigants.

Business divorces cases are commonly heard in the Chancery Division, a court of equity in which principles of fairness and justice may be applied in addition to any statutory cause of action.

New Jersey’s statutory cause of action for oppression of a minority shareholder does not prevent the court from providing equitable remedies available outside the statute as a matter of common law.

The touchstone of a trade secret is that it provides the owner of the information with a competitive advantage in their market.

Courts look at the cost of development, the difficulty in duplicating and measurable benefits to ascertain whether a bona fide trade secret exists.

The first step in the defense of a trade secret is to examine whether there is real economic value to keeping the information secret.

Limited Liability Company laws in New Jersey and many states provide a cause of action for the oppression of minority members of company against those in control of the business.

Oppression of a minority LLC member is measured by the reasonable expectations of the minority member in those states that have adopted the Uniform Limited Liability Company Act

Courts assess reasonable expectations by looking at the operating agreement, the behavior of the members and purpose of the members in joining the business.

Minority shareholders of a closely held corporation may be subjected to oppressive conduct by the controlling majority that deprives them of the benefits of their investment.

Oppressed minority shareholder actions vindicate the rights of the minority owner to participate in the management and share in the economic benefits of the company.

A court may order the majority to buy the minority member’s interest at fair value, to sell the corporation as a going concern, for damages or take other actions to fashion an appropriate remedy.

A plaintiff seeking to bring a derivative claim on behalf of a corporation, limited liability company or limited partnership must be “suitable” and represent the interests of the business.

A member of a limited liability company may sue individually to recover or protect the member’s individual right. New Jersey law does not, however, permit a member to bring a claim for involuntary dissociation, or expulsion, as a direct claim.

Courts have discretion to treat derivative claims as direct claims under New Jersey law, but may bar a derivate claim brought by a limited liability company that is antagonistic to the other owners.

To enforce a claim for misappropriation of a trade secret, the plaintiff must prove that the information was secret and valuable. Plaintiffs in New Jersey can rely on either the common law or the New Jersey Trade Secrets Act.

Secrets that have been publicly disclosed lose their their protection as trade secrets. Thus, the failure to secure a non-disclosure agreement with vendors or potential vendors could make it impossible to protect sensitive information in the future.

Once a trade secret has been publicly disclosed, even restrictive covenants and non-disclosure agreements executed by employees may lose their effectiveness as a means of protecting sensitive information.

Court Dismisses Trade Secret Misappropriation Claim

The Federal Trade Commission is considering an administrative rule that would enact a broad ban on non-compete agreements that would prohibit contracts that restrict the employee from working for a competitor or starting a competing business.

The rule would also apply to ‘de facto’ non-competes, such as non-solicitation agreements, that have the effect of limiting a worker’s activities after employment.

The proposed rule will likely have a negative impact on the competitiveness and value of closely held businesses. Non-competes in equity transactions would be prohibited unless the equity stake involved is at least 25 percent.

An agreement that barred a lawyer from soliciting clients within a geographic area was unenforceable after the lawyer left the firm under the rules governing the professional conduct of attorneys.

An agreement prohibiting a former associate attorney from soliciting clients of the firm after his resignation may be enforceable in New York, thus a case alleging a breach of that agreement could proceed to trial.

Attorney Rule of Professional Conduct 5.1 that prohibits restrictions on the practice of law is unlikely to shield non-attorneys who act on behalf of a lawyer from liability.

Well-drafted business governance documents include buy-sell agreements to address deadlock among the owners.

A shotgun buy-sell is an offer that sets only the price. It can be accepted as either an offer to buy out the other side or to sell to the other side at the price in the offer.

Shotgun buy-sells are an efficient means to set the price of a transaction, but may be flawed when the owners have unequal knowledge of the business or inadequate financial resources.

The removal of a member from a limited liability company, known as involuntary dissociation, is permitted by statute in most states and may also be permitted in an operating agreement.

Removal is permitted when a member has engaged in wrongful conduct that has or will materially affect the company or when the member has repeatedly breached the operating agreement.

Removal may also be permitted when a member files for bankruptcy or if it is not reasonably practicable for the LLC to continue with them as a member.